Most people; myself included; get these markers confused
with being the responsibility of the United States Coast Guard; and there is
good reason for that. The initials USCGS, which stands for U.S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, are awfully similar to USCG, which stands for the United
States Coast Guard. They are probably plagued by calls about these survey
markers.
The USCGS became the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and in
1970 was transferred to the control of NOAA, which stands for the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. I guess that now would be a good time
to tell you who they are and what they do. And also; why it’s important.
NGS; I’m going to stick with that acronym; is the agency
that creates and then maintains the records for the grid system upon which all
surveying in the United States is based. They have, since the 1800’s, provided
a series of “bench marks”, or known coordinates, along with the height above
sea level, upon which all other surveys; public and private, are based. That’s
quite a challenge, and an even greater responsibility.
One of the nearest markers which I know of is about 15
minutes from my house. It sits in the brick wall of the old Davis Forge Company
Building store off of Route 115 in Huntersville. The building has been there
for many years. It’s kind of a local landmark which people come to look at. The marker is located on the wall on the right side of the front of the building, about waist high.
The system of coordinates which NOAA; formerly the NCGS;
maintains is described as "a consistent coordinate system that defines
latitude, longitude, height, scale, gravity, and orientation throughout the
United States." Not only do private developers use these coordinates to build
things, but the resultant Emergency response imagery rapidly provides aerial
imagery for emergency relief in times of flood and other natural disasters.
The original USCG was established in 1807 by Congress during
President Jefferson’s time in office. Under the original accomplishments of the
agency was to map and chart our coast in the interest of expanding
international trade. It was 4 more years before the agencies first
representative, F.R. Hassler, even set sail for Europe in order to obtain all
of the instruments necessary for that endeavor. And once there, he was stuck
for the entire duration of the War of 1812. So, effectively, the work didn't
begin until 1815.It would be another 20 years before that first undertaking was
satisfactorily completed.
Hassler planned to use simple triangulation in order to
accomplish his task. He began in New York, with his first baseline verified in
1817. In 1818 Congress placed the Navy and the Army in charge of Hassler’s
work. This virtually stopped the program dead in its tracks until 1832. The
reason was simple enough; there was no longer anybody clearly in charge of the
work.
In 1832 Hassler was reappointed as head of the project and
work began to move forward once again. The work was resumed in 1833. Although
the Navy was officially in charge of the project, this time Hassler was able to
turn things around slightly and had the Navy assisting him. The project was
then turned over to the Treasury Department in 1836.
Ocean soundings were a part of this program as well as land
surveys. Ocean soundings had long been measured by hand held “lead lines’ which
were knotted at intervals in much the manner of the “sea log”, which was used
to gauge the speed of a ship at sea. It wasn't until the invention of Sigsbee
Sounding Machine in the latter half of the 19th Century that things
really took off.
Lieutenant Commander Charles Dwight Sigsbee, USN, served as an
Assistant in the Coast Survey. He developed his sounding machine and commanded
the ship Blake during the first “sound” surveys in the Gulf of Mexico. The
ships were commanded by the Navy but manned with civilians and even one of the
most famous scientists of the time, Alexander Agassiz, for assistance. NGS
would not get their own ships; which were the precursors to today’s NOAA weather
ships; until 1900.
The history behind these markers is long and sometimes
complicated, as agencies and budgets changed over the years. By 1965 the agency
was part of the Environmental Science Services Administration, but that only
lasted for 5 years until NGS was transferred once again, this time to NOAA,
where it remains today.
You may not have ever heard of these little markers, but
the part they play in your daily lives cannot be disputed. For that reason
these markers are federally protected, and require great effort to be removed,
if they are allowed to be removed at all.
In the second picture I am taking a picture of a woman who
came to visit the “old store.” Sue took the photo of me taking the photo of
her. You can be sure that she didn't get her camera back until after I had told
her about the Geodetic Survey.
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